Biomarkers of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES).
Farias-Moeller R, Lai YC
Raquel Farias-Moeller, MD
Scientific Committee
Pediatric Neurology, Medical College of Wisconsin
Milwaukee, WI, USA
About
Member of the PedQuEST Scientific Committee. Specializes in pediatric epilepsy and EEG.
Research Interests
Pediatric EpilepsyNORSE/FIRESStatus Epilepticus
Publications(37)
Factors associated with rapid pediatric acute seizure emergency treatment: Quality Improvement in Time to Treat Status Epilepticus baseline cohort.
Ostendorf AP, Brown-Mitchell G, Loddenkemper T, Morgan LA, Appavu B, Farias-Moeller R, Harrar D, Press C, Mailo J, Abend NS, Gaillard WD, Bai S, Eisner M, Kroshus E, Vannatta K, Goodkin HP
Acute and Long-Term EEG and seizure characteristics in new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE).
Gilani K, Hanin A, Gaspard N, Batra A, Behrndt L, Day GS, Demeret S, Eschbach K, Foreman B, Gerard EE, Gofton TE, Gopaul MT, Haider HA, Hantus ST, Cobos-Hernandez C, Jimenez AD, Jongeling A, Kandula P, Kang P, Kazazian K, Kellogg M, Kim M, Farias-Moeller R, Morales M, Navarro V, Pimentel CM, Ramirez A, Steriade C, Struck AF, Taraschenko O, Wainwright MS, Zhou DJ, Hirsch LJ, Yoo JY
Acute Brain Injury in New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus and Etiology-Defined Status Epilepticus.
Meletti S, Hanin A, Giovannini G, Bedin R, Burani M, Taruffi L, Orlandi N, Urbano T, D'Achille F, Malerba M, Basha MM, Eschbach K, Foreman B, Farias-Moeller R, Gaspard N, Gerard EE, Gofton T, Gopaul MT, Haider HA, Hantus ST, Herman S, Kang P, Day GS, Kandula P, Steriade C, Struck AF, Taraschenko O, Wainwright M, Yoo JY, Zhou DJ, Lattanzi S, Navarro V, Hirsch LJ
Exploring pathways leading to drug-resistant epilepsy for patients with cryptogenic new onset refractory status epilepticus
Hanin A, Marois C, Guillemaud M, Chavez M, Cosme L, Hayatou Z, Besnard A, Goudard G, Masson V, Cousyn L, Cheval M, Denis JA, Alkouri R, Lamari F, Bisulli F, Eschbach K, Farias-Moeller R, Gaspard N, Gerard EE, Giovannini G, Gofton T, Gopaul MT, Kellogg M, Meletti S, Muccioli L, Pasini E, Taraschenko O, Torcida N, Wainwright MS, Yoo JY, Wong N, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Demeret S, Hirsch LJ, Navarro V
Epilepsia (2026) · DOI → · PubMed
NORSE/FIRESEpilepsyStatus Epilepticus
Spectrum of Central Nervous System Disease Caused by Streptococcus anginosus Group: A Single-Center Case Series
Meylor J, Farias-Moeller R, Mehta N, Sawdy R, Patel ND
Pediatr Neurol (2025) · DOI → · PubMed
EEGSeizuresOutcomes
Age-associated differences in FIRES: Characterizing prodromal presentation and long-term outcomes via the web-based NORSE/FIRES Family Registry
Kazazian K, Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Kellogg M, Hocker SE, Wong N, Farias-Moeller R, Eschbach K, Gofton TE
Epilepsia (2025) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyNORSE/FIRESOutcomes
New onset refractory status epilepticus: Long-term outcomes beyond seizures
Espino PH, Eschbach K, Blank LJ, Cervenka MC, Muscal E, Farias-Moeller R, Gilmore EJ, Gopaul MT, Haider HA, Hanin A, Hirsch LJ, Kellogg MA, Kluger G, Lee ST, Melendez-Zaidi AE, Navarro V, Oliger AC, Pasini E, Reuner G, Sharpe CM, Sheikh ZB, Steigleder L, Steriade C, Stredny CM, Strzelczyk A, Taraschenko O, van Baalen A, Vinette SA, Wickström R, Wong NW, Yoo J, Gofton TE
Epilepsia (2025) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusReviewPharmacologyBiomarkersNORSE/FIRES
Intrathecal Dexamethasone as a FIRES Extinguisher: A 12-Patient Clinical Experience with Usage of Intrathecal Dexamethasone for Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome
Farias-Moeller R, Hanin A, Ahsan S, Brooks J, Caganap SD, Czeisler B, Cheuret E, Cocuzzo B, Hahn CD, Kyureghyan H, Marcoux MO, Mohamed R, Park C, Stern Zimmer M, Barun V, Lai YC, Hirsch LJ
Neurocrit Care (2025) · PubMed
NORSE/FIRESStatus EpilepticusPharmacology
Status epilepticus treatment: multicenter quality improvement
Ostendorf AP, Loddenkemper T, Morgan LA, Appavu B, Farias-Moeller R, Harrar D, Press C, Abend NS, Gaillard WD, Bai S, Eisner M, McHenry L, Kroshus E, Vannatta K, Goodkin HP
Contemp Clin Trials (2025) · PubMed
Status EpilepticusClinical Trial
Navigating life after New-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) and Febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES): Insights from caregiver and patient interviews
Eschbach K, Reedy J, Gofton T, Gopaul M, Farias-Moeller R, Kellogg M, Knupp K, Hirsch LJ, Wong N, Dorsey Holliman B
Epilepsy Behav (2024) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyNORSE/FIRESOutcomes
New-Onset Refractory Status Epilepticus With Diffuse Cerebral Restricted Diffusion in Young Children: A Novel Clinical-Radiologic Presentation
Reecher HM, Mehta NP, Patel ND, Sawdy RA, Farias-Moeller R
Pediatr Neurol (2024) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyBiomarkersNORSE/FIRES
Communication trends over time in new-onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE): Interim analysis from the NORSE/FIRES Family Registry
Kazazian K, Gaspard N, Hirsch LJ, Kellogg M, Hocker SE, Wong N, Farias-Moeller R, Eschbach K, Gofton TE
Epilepsy Behav (2024) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyBiomarkersNORSE/FIRES
Accuracy of Early Neuroprognostication in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
Sampat V, Whitinger J, Flynn-O'Brien K, Kim I, Balakrishnan B, Mehta N, Sawdy R, Patel ND, Nallamothu R, Zhang L, Yan K, Zvara K, Farias-Moeller R
Pediatr Neurol (2024) · DOI → · PubMed
TBIOutcomes
Supporting parents while their child is receiving neurocritical care
Farias-Moeller R, Wong N
Semin Pediatr Neurol (2024) · DOI → · PubMed
Neurocritical CareOutcomes
Pediatric status epilepticus management by Emergency Medical Services (the pSERG cohort)
Amengual-Gual M, Sánchez Fernández I, Vasquez A, Abend NS, Anderson A, Arya R, Barcia Aguilar C, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser TA, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Lai YC, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Reece L, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Sheehan T, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Seizure (2023) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyOutcomes
Intrathecal Dexamethasone in Febrile Infection-Related Epilepsy Syndrome: A Case Report
Mehta NP, Sawdy R, Maloney K, Overlee B, Johnson RK, Howe CL, Farias-Moeller R
Neurol Clin Pract (2023) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyNORSE/FIRESOutcomes
Neural representations of self-perception of voice: An intracortical evoked potential analysis based on an adolescent with right temporal lobe epilepsy
Andrade-Machado R, Javarayee P, Koop JI, Farias-Moeller R, Kim I, Lew SM
Seizure (2023) · DOI → · PubMed
Machine LearningEpilepsy
Drug-resistant seizures associated with hyperinflammatory monocytes in FIRES
Howe CL, Johnson RK, Overlee BL, Sagen JA, Mehta N, Farias-Moeller R
Ann Clin Transl Neurol (2023) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyNORSE/FIRESNeurocritical Care
Challenges in the Clinical Recognition of Acute Flaccid Myelitis and its Implications.
Hayes LH, Hopkins SE, Liu S, Pardo CA, Garcia-Dominguez MA, Oleszek J, Yea C, Ciftci-Kavaklioglu B, Yeh EA, Dean J, Sadowsky CL, Desai J, Wiegand S, Farias-Moeller R, Nash K, Thakur KT, Vargas WS, Hong-Routson SJ, Yeshokumar A, Zhou MS, Makhani N, Wilson-Murphy M, Bove R, Zhang B, Benson LA
J Pediatr (2022) · DOI → · PubMed
Neurocritical Care
Zebras Seize the Day: Rare Causes of Status Epilepticus Across the Continuum of Critical Care
Harrar D, Mondok L, Adams S, Farias-Moeller R
Crit Care Clin (2022) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusNeonatalReviewOutcomes
Pediatric Critical Care Neurologists in the United States and Canada: A Survey of Clinical Practice Experience
Farias-Moeller R, Jayakar A, Guerriero RM, Carpenter JL, Wainwright MS, Harrar DB
J Child Neurol (2022) · DOI → · PubMed
Neurocritical CareSurveyEducation
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neurologic Manifestations in Hospitalized Children Diagnosed with Acute SARS-CoV-2 or MIS-C.
Fink EL, Robertson CL, Wainwright MS, Roa JD, Lovett ME, Stulce C, Yacoub M, Potera RM, Zivick E, Holloway A, Nagpal A, Wellnitz K, Czech T, Even KM, Brunow de Carvalho W, Rodriguez IS, Schwartz SP, Walker TC, Campos-Mino S, Dervan LA, Geneslaw AS, Sewell TB, Pryce P, Silver WG, Lin JE, Vargas WS, Topjian A, Alcamo AM, McGuire JL, Dominguez Rojas JA, Munoz JT, Hong SJ, Muller WJ, Doerfler M, Williams CN, Drury K, Bhagat D, Nelson A, Price D, Dapul H, Santos L, Kahoud R, Francoeur C, Appavu B, Guilliams KP, Agner SC, Walson KH, Rasmussen L, Janas A, Ferrazzano P, Farias-Moeller R, Snooks KC, Chang CH, Yun J, Schober ME
Pediatr Neurol (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
COVID-19
Role of neuropsychology in identification of CSWS in a school-aged child with a remote neurological insult
Kalscheur EJ, Farias-Moeller R, Koop J
Epilepsy Behav Rep (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusEEGSleepNeurocritical Care
Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Vasquez A, Farias-Moeller R, Sánchez-Fernández I, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman K, Clark J, Gaillard WD, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sands TT, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Pediatr Crit Care Med (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyOutcomes
Continuous Electroencephalogram and Antiseizure Medication Use in an International Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Population
Snooks KC, Yan K, Farias-Moeller R, Fink EL, Hanson SJ
Neurocrit Care (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
EEGSeizuresPharmacologyTBI
Benzodiazepine administration patterns before escalation to second-line medications in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus
Sheehan T, Amengual-Gual M, Vasquez A, Abend NS, Anderson A, Appavu B, Arya R, Barcia Aguilar C, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Gaínza-Lein M, Glauser TA, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Huh L, Jackson M, Kapur K, Kahoud R, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Reece L, Riviello JJ, Sands TT, Sannagowdara K, Shellhaas R, Smith G, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Zhang B, Loddenkemper T
Epilepsia (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyOutcomes
Factors associated with long-term outcomes in pediatric refractory status epilepticus
Gaínza-Lein M, Barcia Aguilar C, Piantino J, Chapman KE, Sánchez Fernández I, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Appavu B, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser TA, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Huh L, Kahoud R, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Nayak A, Novotny E, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Reece L, Riviello J, Sannagowdara K, Sands TT, Sheehan T, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Zhang B, Loddenkemper T
Epilepsia (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusBiomarkersOutcomes
GCS-Pupil Score Has a Stronger Association with Mortality and Poor Functional Outcome than GCS Alone in Pediatric Severe Traumatic Brain Injury.
Balakrishnan B, VanDongen-Trimmer H, Kim I, Hanson SJ, Zhang L, Simpson PM, Farias-Moeller R
Pediatr Neurosurg (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
TBIOutcomes
Parental perception of FIRES outcomes, emotional states, and social media usage
Farias-Moeller R, Wood A, Sawdy R, Koop J, Olson K, van Baalen A
Epilepsia Open (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
SeizuresSurveyNORSE/FIRESOutcomes
Time to Treatment in Pediatric Convulsive Refractory Status Epilepticus: The Weekend Effect
Barcia Aguilar C, Amengual-Gual M, Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Anderson A, Appavu B, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Gaínza-Lein M, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Huh L, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf A, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello J, Sannagowdara K, Sheehan T, Sands TT, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong AA, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Pediatr Neurol (2021) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyOutcomes
Acute flaccid myelitis: cause, diagnosis, and management.
Murphy OC, Messacar K, Benson L, Bove R, Carpenter JL, Crawford T, Dean J, DeBiasi R, Desai J, Elrick MJ, Farias-Moeller R, Gombolay GY, Greenberg B, Harmelink M, Hong S, Hopkins SE, Oleszek J, Otten C, Sadowsky CL, Schreiner TL, Thakur KT, Van Haren K, Carballo CM, Chong PF, Fall A, Gowda VK, Helfferich J, Kira R, Lim M, Lopez EL, Wells EM, Yeh EA, Pardo CA
First-line medication dosing in pediatric refractory status epilepticus
Vasquez A, Gaínza-Lein M, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman K, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Glauser T, Goldstein JL, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Kapur K, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Neurology (2020) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyBiomarkers
Association of guideline publication and delays to treatment in pediatric status epilepticus
Sánchez Fernández I, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Barcia Aguilar C, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard WD, Gaínza-Lein M, Glauser T, Goldstein J, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Lai YC, McDonough T, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny E, Payne E, Peariso K, Piantino J, Ostendorf A, Sands TT, Sannagowdara K, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Neurology (2020) · DOI → · PubMed
Status EpilepticusPharmacologyOutcomes
Too Much of a Good Thing? Cerebral Sinovenous Thrombosis Due to Excessive Milk Intake Associated Anemia
Farias-Moeller R, Siddiqui S, Orr M, Mondok L
J Child Neurol (2020) · DOI → · PubMed
SeizuresStroke
A Case of HIV Seroconversion Presenting Similarly to Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate Receptor Encephalitis
VanDongen-Trimmer H, Sannagowdara K, Balakrishnan B, Farias-Moeller R
Neurocrit Care (2019) · DOI → · PubMed
SeizuresNeurocritical Care
The onset of pediatric refractory status epilepticus is not distributed uniformly during the day
Sanchez Fernandez I, Gainza-Lein M, Abend NS, Amengual-Gual M, Anderson A, Arya R, Brenton JN, Carpenter JL, Chapman KE, Clark J, Farias-Moeller R, Davis Gaillard W, Glauser TA, Goldstein J, Goodkin HP, Guerriero RM, Hecox K, Jackson M, Kapur K, Kelley SA, Kossoff EHW, Lai YC, McDonough TL, Mikati MA, Morgan LA, Novotny EJ, Ostendorf AP, Payne ET, Peariso K, Piantino J, Riviello JJ, Sannagowdara K, Stafstrom CE, Tasker RC, Tchapyjnikov D, Topjian AA, Vasquez A, Wainwright MS, Wilfong A, Williams K, Loddenkemper T
Seizure (2019) · DOI → · PubMed
Status Epilepticus
Conference Abstracts(4)
Factors Associated with Rapid Treatment for Status Epilepticus: Data from the Quality Improvement in Time to Treat Status Epilepticus (QuiTT-SE) Baseline Cohort
Brown-Mitchell G, Loddenkemper T, Morgan L, Appavu B, Farias-Moeller R, Harrar D, Press C, Abend N, Gaillard W, Bai S, Eisner M, McHenry L, Kroshus E, Vanmatta K, Goodkin H, Ostendorf A
American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting (2025) · poster
EpilepsyNeurocritical CarePharmacologyStatus Epilepticus
Development of a Multicenter EEG Research Consortium and Data Platform to Advance Pediatric Quantitative EEG Research
Press CA, Benedetti GM, Harrar DB, Farias-Moeller R, Tomko S, Jayakar A, Appavu B, Morgan LA, Castillo-Pinto C, Thomas AX, Rau S, Fulton F, Parikh D, Abend NS, Hahn C, Riviello J, Ganesan R, De Freitas D, Dare Y, Wagenaar J
American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting (2025) · poster
EEGEpilepsyPedQuESTqEEG
Feasibility of Implementation of an Age-Based Guideline for PCPC Scoring
Nelliot A, Thomas AX, Farias-Moeller R, Tomko S, Jayakar A, Appavu B, Harrar DB, Morgan LA, Castillo-Pinto C, Rau S, Fulton M, Press CA, Benedetti GM
American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting (2025) · poster
Epilepsy
Characteristics and Outcomes of Pediatric Patients with Prolonged Convulsive Status Epilepticus
Gettings J, Eschbach K, Farias-Moeller R, Gaillard W, Glauser T, Goldstein J, Goodkin H, Grinspan Z, Guerriero R, Kahoud R, Loddenkemper T, Novotny E, Morgan L, Ostendorf A, Piantino J, Press CA, Sands T, Tasker R, Kielian A, LaRovere K
American Epilepsy Society Annual Meeting (2024) · poster
EpilepsyNeurocritical CareOutcomesSeizures